# Continuous Normalizing Flows with GalacticOptim.jl

Now, we study a single layer neural network that can estimate the density p_x of a variable of interest x by re-parameterizing a base variable z with known density p_z through the Neural Network model passed to the layer.

## Copy-Pasteable Code

Before getting to the explanation, here's some code to start with. We will follow a full explanation of the definition and training process:

using DiffEqFlux, OrdinaryDiffEq, Flux, Optim, Distributions, Zygote, GalacticOptim

nn = Chain(Dense(1, 3, tanh), Dense(3, 1, tanh))
tspan = (0.0f0,10.0f0)
ffjord_test = FFJORD(nn,tspan, Tsit5())
data_train = Float32.(rand(Normal(6.0,0.7), 1, 100))

logpx = ffjord_test(data_train,θ)[1]
loss = -mean(logpx)
end

optfunc = GalacticOptim.instantiate_function(optf, ffjord_test.p, adtype, nothing)
optprob = GalacticOptim.OptimizationProblem(optfunc, ffjord_test.p)

res1 = GalacticOptim.solve(optprob,
maxiters = 100)

# Retrain using the LBFGS optimizer
optprob2 = remake(optprob,u0 = res1.minimizer)

res2 = GalacticOptim.solve(optprob2,
LBFGS(),
allow_f_increases = false)

We can use DiffEqFlux.jl to define, train and output the densities computed by CNF layers. In the same way as a neural ODE, the layer takes a neural network that defines its derivative function (see [1] for a reference). A possible way to define a CNF layer, would be:

using DiffEqFlux, OrdinaryDiffEq, Flux, Optim, Distributions, Zygote, GalacticOptim

nn = Chain(Dense(1, 3, tanh), Dense(3, 1, tanh))
tspan = (0.0f0,10.0f0)
ffjord_test = FFJORD(nn,tspan, Tsit5())

where we also pass as an input the desired timespan for which the differential equation that defines log p_x and z(t) will be solved.

### Training a CNF layer

First, let's get an array from a normal distribution as the training data

data_train = Float32.(rand(Normal(6.0,0.7), 1, 100))

Now we define a loss function that we wish to minimize

function loss_adjoint(θ)
logpx = ffjord_test(data_train,θ)[1]
loss = -mean(logpx)
end

In this example, we wish to choose the parameters of the network such that the likelihood of the re-parameterized variable is maximized. Other loss functions may be used depending on the application. Furthermore, the CNF layer gives the log of the density of the variable x, as one may guess from the code above.

We then train the neural network to learn the distribution of x.

Here we showcase starting the optimization with ADAM to more quickly find a minimum, and then honing in on the minimum by using LBFGS.

# Train using the ADAM optimizer
maxiters = 100)

# output
* Status: success

* Candidate solution
Minimizer: [-1.88e+00, 2.44e+00, 2.01e-01,  ...]
Minimum:   1.240627e+00

* Found with
Initial Point: [9.33e-01, 1.13e+00, 2.92e-01,  ...]


We then complete the training using a different optimizer starting from where ADAM stopped.

# Retrain using the LBFGS optimizer
LBFGS(),
allow_f_increases = false)
# output
* Status: success

* Candidate solution
Minimizer: [-1.06e+00, 2.24e+00, 8.77e-01,  ...]
Minimum:   1.157672e+00

* Found with
Algorithm:     L-BFGS
Initial Point: [-1.88e+00, 2.44e+00, 2.01e-01,  ...]

* Convergence measures
|x - x'|               = 0.00e+00 ≰ 0.0e+00
|x - x'|/|x'|          = 0.00e+00 ≰ 0.0e+00
|f(x) - f(x')|         = 0.00e+00 ≤ 0.0e+00
|f(x) - f(x')|/|f(x')| = 0.00e+00 ≤ 0.0e+00
|g(x)|                 = 4.09e-03 ≰ 1.0e-08

* Work counters
Seconds run:   514  (vs limit Inf)
Iterations:    44
f(x) calls:    244
∇f(x) calls:   244

References:

[1] W. Grathwohl, R. T. Q. Chen, J. Bettencourt, I. Sutskever, D. Duvenaud. FFJORD: Free-Form Continuous Dynamic For Scalable Reversible Generative Models. arXiv preprint at arXiv1810.01367, 2018.